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????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

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????????? ????????: ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? -200 ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? 2300 ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????. ????????? ???????? (RTDs): ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ???????????: ??????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ?? -40 ???? ????? ??? +250 ???? ?????) ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????. ?????????? ??????????? (??????? ?????????): ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

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????? ??????: ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? (????????? ????????) ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ????? ?????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? (NOAA) ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 15%. ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????: ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (HVAC) ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (HVAC) ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? 10%. ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? (HVAC). ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?? ???????? ????????: ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? (RTDs) ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????????: ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 5%? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????.

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????????? ????????: - ???????: ???? ???? ????? ???? (?? -200 ???? ????? ??? +2300 ???? ?????)? ??? ?????. - ??????: ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ????????? ???????? (RTDs): - ???????: ??? ????? (±0.5 ???? ?????)? ???? ???? ????? ???? (?? -200 ???? ????? ??? +850 ???? ?????)? ???????. - ??????: ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????. ???????????: - ???????: ??????? ????? (??? ?? ????? ?????)? ????????? ????? ?????. - ??????: ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????: - ???????: ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. - ??????: ???? ???? ????? ????? (????? ?? -40 ???? ????? ??? +250 ???? ?????)? ??? ??????? ????. ?????????? ??????????? (ICs): - ???????: ??? ????? (±0.2 ???? ?????)? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. - ??????: ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????????.

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????? ??????: ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ±0.1 ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? (MEMS): ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? (MEMS) ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? MEMS ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 10 ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ????: ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ±0.01 ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????.

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?????? ???????: ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ±1 ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ±0.5 ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? (NIST) ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ???????: ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? (UCLA) ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? 20% ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????: ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? 180 ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? (MIT) ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???????.

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????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? (MEMS)? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? (MEMS) ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????????.