???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? 10 ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????

2025-03-12

?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? 200,000 ??????????/??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? 34%. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 1

????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS)? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????.

1. ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????.

????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 100 ?500 ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????.

1.1. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS)

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 2

1.1.1. ????? ?????? TDS

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? (????/???) ?? ??? ?? ??????? (ppm).

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ???????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 0.1 ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.

1.1.2 . ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ????????:

??????? ?????? ??????: ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.
???? ????? ???????: ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.
????????: ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
???? ?????: ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 35000 ??? ?? ???????.
???? ????????: ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

1.2 . ??? ??????? ????????? (EC)

????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 3

1.2.1 . ????? ????? EC

???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? (mS/m). ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? 1 ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

1.2.2 . ??????? ??????? ??? EC

?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????:

???? ???????: ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ???? ??????? 2% ??? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.
????? ????????: ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? (EC) ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? (Na?)? ????????? (Cl?)? ?????????? (Ca??)? ??????????? (Mg??)? ?????????? (SO???) ?? ?????.
?????? ???????: ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.
????????? ??????????: ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????.
???? ??????: ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????.

1.3. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????

?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? (TDS) ???????? ????????? (EC). ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????.

1.3.1 . ??????? ????????: ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? (EC) ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS). ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.

1.3.2 . ???? ???????? (??? ?????? ????? ????????)

??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ???????? ????????? (EC)? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????.

????? ???????: ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????.
???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????: ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
????? ????????: ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????.
??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????: ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????: ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????.

2. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????

2.1 . ???? ???????

????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

2.1.1 . ??? ???? K (????? ?????????)

????? ???? K ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS). ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? (ppm) ?? ??/?.

2.1.2 . ???????? ?? ????? K ????? ??? ??? ?????

????? ???? ????? K ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???????:

???? ????? (~0.5 ????) ← ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????.
?????? ??????? (~0.65 K) → ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.
????? ????? (~0.7 K) → ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????.

2.2 . ??????

??????? ????????? (??????????/??) = ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ???????) / ???? ??????? (????)

????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? (EC). ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???.

2.3. ???????? ?????? ??????

??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????:

2.3.1 . ????? ???? ???????

????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (K) ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.

2.3.2 . ?????? ????? ??????

????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????.

3. ????? ??????

3.1 . ???? ???????? ??????????

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????:

3.1.1 . ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????

????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????: ?????? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 4

3.1.2. ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????

????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? (4-20 ???? ?????) ?? ????? (RS485) ????? ??? ?????? ??? 0 ?200,000 ??????????/??. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? 5

3.2 . ?????? ???? ??????? ???????

??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????????:

3.2.1 . ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????

??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.

3.2.2 . ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????:

??? ?????	????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
??? ???	0.55 - 0.6
????	0.5 - 0.7
?????? ???????	0.65 - 0.7
???? ?????	0.5
???? ?????	0.55 - 0.7
???? ????? ???????	0.55 - 0.7

3.3 . ????? ?????? ????????

??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? TDS ?? EC ????????. ??? ??? ?????? EC ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? TDS? ??? ??? ??? ????? TDS ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? (ppm)? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????/?? (?S/cm).

4. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????/EC

4.1 . ?????? ???? ??????

4.1.1 . ????? ???? ???? ?????

??? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TDS) ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? 300 ??? ?? ??????? (ppm) ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? 400 ?????????? ??? ??????? (?S/cm).

4.1.2 . ?????? ???? ????? ???????

?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????.

4.1.3 . ????? ?????? (??????? ?????????)

?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TDS) ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????.

4.2 . ??????? ???????? ???????

4.2.1 . ????? ????? ????????

?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TDS) ???????? ????????? (EC) ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.

4.2.2 . ???? ????? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.

4.3 . ????????? ????????

4.3.1 . ?????? ???? ???????

????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????.

4.3.2 . ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TDS) ??????? ???????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ?????: ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????

????? ???? ??????? ????????? (EC) ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (TDS) ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? TDS ?????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? TDS ??? EC ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????.

??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? (EC) ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? RIKA ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? RK500-13 Rika Online ????? ??????? ?????????/???????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? Rika ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (TDS) ???????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? Rika ?? ?????.