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§µ§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ö§Ö §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §á§â§Ú§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û. §®§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ §Ó §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§ç §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§ñ§ç, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à, §Ñ§Ü§Ó§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§å §Ú §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ð. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö §Þ§í §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§ñ§ä§î §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ pH.
§±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í
§µ§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í ¡ª §ï§ä§à §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó§à§Õ§í. §º§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ñ pH §Ó§Ñ§â§î§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §à§ä 0 §Õ§à 14, §Ô§Õ§Ö 7 ¡ª §ß§Ö§Û§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. §©§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH §ß§Ú§Ø§Ö 7 §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ê§Ö 7 ¡ª §ß§Ñ §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §£ §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Þ§Ú§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§í, §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ú§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §±§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§Ú§Ñ§á§Ñ§Ù§à§ß§Ñ pH §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§à§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§à§Ó.
§¥§Ý§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü pH. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH ¡ª §ï§ä§à §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§ð§ä §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ö §Ú §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§ð§ä §Ö§× §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö pH. §¿§ä§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó§í§á§å§ã§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ñ§â§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ç, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§à§Þ, §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö ISFET §Ú §ä§Ö§ã§ä-§á§à§Ý§à§ã§Ü§Ú. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§à§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§×§ß§ß§í§Þ §ä§Ú§á§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ§Õ§×§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
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§±§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ pH §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ö§Ô§à. §¬§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §¥§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ pH §Ó§Ñ§Þ §á§à§ß§Ñ§Õ§à§Ò§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§à§é§ß§í§Ö §Ò§å§æ§Ö§â§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§í §ã §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú pH. §¯§Ñ§é§ß§Ú§ä§Ö §ã §á§â§à§Þ§í§Ó§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ô§â§å§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§à§é§ß§í§Û §Ò§å§æ§Ö§â§ß§í§Û §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Ö§Þ§å §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ. §°§ä§â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§Û§ä§Ö §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ó §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §ã §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú pH §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§à§é§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Ó. §±§à§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö §ï§ä§à§ä §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§å§Þ §ã §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ò§å§æ§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú.
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§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ pH §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§â§Ú§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§ä§î §Ü §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í. §¥§Ý§ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§à§Þ§à§Û§ä§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü §Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§à§Û, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ä§î §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§Ü§Ú §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §á§à§Ô§â§å§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü §Ó §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ö§è §Ó§à§Õ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö §Ö§Þ§å §ã§ä§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§ä §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§Ö §Ú §à§ä§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö pH §ß§Ñ §ï§Ü§â§Ñ§ß§Ö.
§±§â§Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ü§â§Ñ§Û§ß§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ö§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§å§ä§Ö§Þ §â§å§é§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û. §¬§â§à§Þ§Ö §ä§à§Ô§à, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ö§Ö §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §à§Ò§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §à§é§Ú§ã§ä§Ü§å §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§à§Ó.
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§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ pH §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §á§à§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§à§Õ§í. §©§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§Ö §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§í§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ö§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ô§à§Õ§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §Ò§í§ä§î §Ó§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó, §Ó §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§Ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Ö §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ú§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó. §±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û pH §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ú §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§â §á§à §Ö§Ö §à§é§Ú§ã§ä§Ü§Ö.
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