§¬§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ ICP Sensor §ã 2010 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ö§ä§Ö§à§â§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ë§Ú§Ü§à§Þ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í.
§±§à§é§Ö§Þ§å §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §Ó§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ?
§£§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §à§Ù§Ö§â§Ñ, §â§Ö§Ü§Ú §Ú §à§Ü§Ö§Ñ§ß§í, §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ö§ä§Ö. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ï§ä§Ú §ç§â§å§á§Ü§Ú§Ö §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §å§Ô§â§à§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ú §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §°§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§à§Ó, §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ú §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ, §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ú §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ç §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §ç§â§å§á§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ.
§£§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î pH §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ç
§µ§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í ¡ª §ï§ä§à §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ö§× §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ pH 7 §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ö§Û§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ. §©§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ú§Ø§Ö 7 §å§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §Ñ §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§í§ê§Ö 7 ¡ª §ß§Ñ §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î. §µ§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §Ó §è§Ö§Ý§à§Þ. §®§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ú§Õ§í, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§í§Ò§í, §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ü§à§Þ§í§Ö §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ú§Þ§Ö§ð§ä §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ð pH §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§ß§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §§ð§Ò§í§Ö §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ú§ä§î §Ò§Ú§à§ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§í §Ó §ï§ä§Ú§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ§ç, §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§ñ §Ü §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ù§ß§ñ§Þ, §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §â§Ö§á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú.
§±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §á§â§ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§í, pH §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§ç §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §Þ§Ú§ß§Ö§â§Ñ§Ý§à§Ó §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§Ö. §¯§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §æ§à§ã§æ§à§â §Ú §Ñ§Ù§à§ä, §Ý§Ö§Ô§é§Ö §å§ã§Ó§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§ã§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ã§Ý§Ñ§Ò§à§Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§Û §Ú§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§Û§ä§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ö. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ü§à §ï§Ü§ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ú pH §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ä§î §ç§Ú§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §æ§à§â§Þ§å §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó, §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §ß§Ñ§â§å§ê§Ñ§ñ §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í.
§²§à§Ý§î §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH §Ó §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í
§¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH ¡ª §ï§ä§à §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó§à§Õ§í. §£ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§Ö §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§à§Þ, §Ú§à§ß§à§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ã§ä§à§â§í (ISFET) §Ú §ä§Ö§ã§ä-§á§à§Ý§à§ã§Ü§Ú §Ú§Ù §Ý§Ñ§Ü§Þ§å§ã§à§Ó§à§Û §Ò§å§Þ§Ñ§Ô§Ú, §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Ó§à§Õ§Ö §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§é§Ö§ä§Ñ §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ç, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§Ö§ã§ß§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§à§Ö§Þ§í, §ï§ã§ä§å§Ñ§â§Ú§Ú §Ú §Þ§à§â§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í, §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§â§í§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §ã §ä§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú.
§°§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ç §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §à §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ, §á§â§Ú§â§à§Õ§à§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §å§á§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§í §á§à §Ú§ç §ã§Þ§ñ§Ô§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð. §²§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à §à§ä§ã§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§Ú pH, §Ù§Ñ§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Ú§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§ä§ã§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§à§Ù§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§ñ§ä§î §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§í §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à§à§Ò§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó.
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH §Ó §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Ó
§¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ §ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ö §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ, §Ó§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§í§ç §à§ã§Ñ§Õ§Ü§à§Ó, §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§à§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §á§â§à§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó§í§Ò§â§à§ã§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§à§Õ§í. §ª§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§ð§ä §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §Ó §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ö§ã§ã§à§Ó§í§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í §Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ. §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §à pH, §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §á§à§Þ§à§ë§î§ð §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Þ§à§é§î §å§é§Ö§ß§í§Þ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§í, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§ñ§ç §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
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§±§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ pH
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§±§à §Þ§Ö§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö pH, §á§â§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ú§ä§î §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §å§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§ä§î §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH. §°§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ú§Ù §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Û §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ñ §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ñ§ä§ð§â§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§Ö§ä§Ö§Û §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ö§â§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §å§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§â§å§Õ§ß§à§Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§í§ç §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§â§í§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ. §¿§ä§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ß§à§Þ§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ö§ä§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ó §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §à§Ò §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ§ç pH, §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ö §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§ç §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§Ñ§ç §Ó§à§Õ§í, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ñ §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ §à§ä§ã§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §Ú §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ô§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í.
§¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ pH ¡ª §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ý§Ô§à§â§Ú§ä§Þ§à§Ó §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §ã§Ö§ß§ã§à§â§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§á§â§Ö§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç. §¡§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§å§ñ §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§Ó§í §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç, §ã§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §ã §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH, §Ñ§Ý§Ô§à§â§Ú§ä§Þ§í §ª§ª §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ä§Ö§ß§Õ§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ñ§ß§à§Þ§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ú §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§í, §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §è§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ú §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ pH §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §ª§ª §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§à§Þ§à§é§î §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ §á§â§à§Ô§ß§à§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í, §à§è§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Þ§Ö§â §á§à §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§à §Ù§Ñ§ë§Ú§ä§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§à§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ.
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